Natural actor-critic algorithms

We present four new reinforcement learning algorithms based on actor–critic, natural-gradient and function-approximation ideas, and we provide their convergence proofs. Actor–critic reinforcement learning methods are online approximations to policy iteration in which the value-function parameters are estimated using temporal difference learning and the policy parameters are updated by stochastic gradient descent. Methods based on policy gradients in this way are of special interest because of their compatibility with function-approximation methods, which are needed to handle large or infinite state spaces. The use of temporal difference learning in this way is of special interest because in many applications it dramatically reduces the variance of the gradient estimates. The use of the natural gradient is of interest because it can produce better conditioned parameterizations and has been shown to further reduce variance in some cases. Our results extend prior two-timescale convergence results for actor–critic methods by Konda and Tsitsiklis by using temporal difference learning in the actor and by incorporating natural gradients. Our results extend prior empirical studies of natural actor–criticmethods by Peters, Vijayakumar and Schaal by providing the first convergence proofs and the first fully incremental algorithms. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.